Early textual critics were concerned with preserving the works of antiquity, and this continued through the medieval period into early modern times until the invention of the printing press. Textual criticism has been practiced for over two thousand years. 8.4.1 Alexandrian text versus Byzantine text.8 Application of textual criticism to religious documents.6.3.2 Uninfluenced final authorial intention.
6.3.1 Application to works of all periods.The phrase lower criticism is used to describe the contrast between textual criticism and "higher" criticism, which is the endeavor to establish the authorship, date, and place of composition of the original text. Techniques from the biological discipline of cladistics are currently also being used to determine the relationships between manuscripts. There are three fundamental approaches to textual criticism: eclecticism, stemmatics, and copy-text editing. The ultimate objective of the textual critic's work is the production of a "critical edition" containing a text most closely approximating the original. The same processes can be used to attempt to reconstruct intermediate editions, or recensions, of a document's transcription history. Given a manuscript copy, several or many copies, but not the original document, the textual critic seeks to reconstruct the original text (the archetype or autograph) as closely as possible. Ancient scribes made errors or alterations when copying manuscripts by hand. Textual criticism (or lower criticism) is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts. Carmina Cantabrigiensia, Manuscript C, folio 436v, 11th century
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